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Memphis-based Stax Records recruited Black artists to craft an eclectic sound featuring prominent horns and Hammond organ. From this approach to soul emerged both southern and deep soul.
New Orleans soul
New Orleans soul music is a distinctive style combining elements from pop, jazz, gospel, boogie-woogie and saxophone music styles. Boogie-woogie has become particularly popular in New Orleans due to its diverse music culture; recording studios here boast some of the world’s top talent who specialize in this form of soul music.
New Orleans soul came into existence during the postwar era when African-American musicians adopted musical and vocal techniques from other forms. Rhythm-and-blues and gospel genres incorporated boogie-woogie, rock, and other styles into their repertoire; New Orleans soul subsequently developed from these traditions and has become an essential part of American musical landscape.
Many musicians who contributed to this genre were from New Orleans, including well-known figures like Allen Toussaint and Fats Domino. New Orleans soul also boasts lesser-known artists like The Showmen band, singer/songwriter Ernie K-Doe and pianist Irma Thomas who have left their mark.
Although New Orleans wasn’t known as an epicenter of soul music like Memphis’ Stax/Volt label or Muscle Shoals, its distinct style of soul remains popular today. Characterized by Gospel roots and piano-centered composition styles; New Orleans soul also stands out for its rhythm changes from shuffles to even note grooves and triplets while also featuring Caribbean and Latin American rhythms.
Eddie Bo is widely recognized as being one of the pioneers of New Orleans soul’s transition to funk, dating back to its roots. Recording for Joe Banashak’s Seven-B label during this period and experimenting with an embryonic funk sound inspired by James Brown – his song “Pass the Hatchet, Parts 1 & 2” serves as evidence.
New Orleans has produced some of the world’s most beloved music genres, from hip-hop and R&B to jazz. A city rich with culture, beauty and history – New Orleans remains a premier destination for music enthusiasts who travel far and wide for musical experiences of every kind. New Orleans stands as an iconoclastic cultural center. Its distinctive sounds have helped shape global music industry while serving as cultural inspiration across various genres and subgenres.
New York City soul
New York was one of the key centers for soul’s development. It saw black-owned record labels emerge and launched artists such as Aretha Franklin into stardom. Additionally, legendary music-dance TV shows like Soul Train played an influential role. And, of course, legendary venues like Apollo Theater served to foster soul’s growth and help to propel Black musicians’ careers forward.
Ahmet Ertegun, founder of Atlantic Records, sought out talented black musicians from all across America and signed them to his label. His aim was to give them a platform for their talents and help them realize success – his roster included Ray Charles, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett and Percy Sledge – in addition to helping develop an influential style combining jazz with R&B music.
Soul music evolved out of rhythm and blues in urban areas during the 1950s, drawing upon both passionate vocalizing and strong rhythms to attract young African Americans at that time. Soul became part of American life during an important period for social and political change – it provided the soundtrack of Civil Rights activism while fuelling Black pride.
Detroit became an important center for soul music after Motown label founder Berry Gordy broke down racial barriers by producing hits that fused soul and pop. These hits became immensely popular and spread internationally – such that even The Beatles covered some Motown tunes, and hip hop samples its hooks!
Chicago was another key hub in the creation of soul music, inspired by gospel and blues influences and evolving alongside the Black Power movement of the 1960s. Curtis Mayfield’s gospel-influenced style influenced fellow Chicago artists Chaka Khan and Earth, Wind & Fire while helping pioneer funk in early 1970s.
Philadelphia was another pivotal city in the development of soul. Influenced by jazz music and African American culture, Philadelphia soul music was defined by preacher and singer Solomon Burke as “river deep country fried buttercream”. Philly soul can still be heard today through artists like Leela James.
Los Angeles soul
Los Angeles offers no shortage of soul music. From intimate supper clubs to massive warehouses that host hip-hop and R&B events, you’re bound to find something suitable. A great way to experience Los Angeles’ soul is with a local guide such as Emilien Crespo who shares their favorite spots to eat, drink, and dance all night long.
Beginning the soul revival was led by Black artists from the East Coast. Many groups formed record labels of their own and promoted their music at special parties called soul food dinners. These restaurants were often family owned, serving as communal gathering places where Black people socialized and fellowshipped together – their menus featured items like chicken-and-waffles, short ribs and Lowcountry catfish as staples of Black culture.
Newer artists eventually organized their own parties. They would gather at Los Angeles’ Peace Pipe to experiment with funk and soul music before later organizing events such as The Breaks which combined funk, hip-hop and turntablism; these events helped keep soul alive in LA.
As soul faded in popularity, many older record labels were hit hard. Stax was no different, yet was eventually able to recover after losing some of their most valued artists such as Rufus Thomas and Carla. Additionally, Daptone West imprint was established within Stax itself.
Relaunching of Stax label happened in 2007. Artists recorded music inspired by classic recordings from its past. Additionally, new generations of fans discovered and appreciated its music.
While Stax may no longer be the dominant force it once was, its legacy lives on through the Stax Museum of American Soul Music operated by the non-profit Stax Foundation. Situated at its original studio site, this museum showcases exhibits on its rich history as well as concerts and community programs; providing visitors with an insight into African-American musical culture in America.
Philadelphia soul
Environment and studio workflow have a significant effect on the sonic characteristics of musical recordings, but its influence can be difficult to measure accurately. One such recording style that stands out in this regard is Philadelphia Soul which began at Sigma Sound studio. This genre bridged Motown and funk music while setting the groundwork for disco; over its existence span numerous decades it influenced numerous artists; recreating this Philadelphia sound has proved difficult but many producers are working towards maintaining it.
Sigma Studios in Philadelphia was where three young songwriters and producers established an inimitable production style that would become the backbone of Philadelphia’s golden era of soul music in the 1970s. These producers dominated charts across America and had an enormous impact on nearly every soul singer; their production style included string-laden arrangements with lush orchestral sound as well as vocal styles and rhythms unique to Philadelphia.
Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff and Thom Bell were the driving forces behind Philadelphia’s success in soul music production; their production style became known as the “Philadelphia Sound”. To create it they purchased a downtown office building and opened an avant-garde studio at 212 North Twelfth Street; staff musicians formed MFSB (Mother Father Sister Brother). These included Ronnie Baker from Sigma’s house band; guitarist Norman Harris of Sigma as well as Earl Young from Trammps who together created Sigma’s house band signature sound along with bassist Ronnie Baker who collaborated closely with bassist Ronnie Baker while guitarist Norman Harris as well as drummer Earl Young from Trammps who helped create its signature sound; these musicians also gave hits for Harold Melvin and Blue Notes as well as Wilson Pickett’s hits such as 1974 hit “TSOP” (“The Sound Of Philadelphia”).
Sigma Sound recorded not only black musicians and singers, but also white groups such as the Temptones with lead singer Daryl Hohl changing his last name to Hall and Oates and becoming one of the largest white soul groups ever.
Hall and Oates weren’t just producers; they were also skilled songwriters. He penned several hit songs for their band, such as “You’re the One”, which was inspired by his relationship with someone he was dating at that time.